@article {216876,
	title = {Cyclic tensile strain triggers a sequence of autocrine and paracrine signaling to regulate angiogenic sprouting in human vascular cells},
	journal = {Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A},
	volume = {106},
	number = {36},
	year = {2009},
	month = {2009 Sep 08},
	pages = {15279-84},
	abstract = {Mechanical signals regulate blood vessel development in vivo, and have been demonstrated to regulate signal transduction of endothelial cell (EC) and smooth muscle cell (SMC) phenotype in vitro. However, it is unclear how the complex process of angiogenesis, which involves multiple cell types and growth factors that act in a spatiotemporally regulated manner, is triggered by a mechanical input. Here, we describe a mechanism for modulating vascular cells during sequential stages of an in vitro model of early angiogenesis by applying cyclic tensile strain. Cyclic strain of human umbilical vein (HUV)ECs up-regulated the secretion of angiopoietin (Ang)-2 and PDGF-betabeta, and enhanced endothelial migration and sprout formation, whereas effects were eliminated with shRNA knockdown of endogenous Ang-2. Applying strain to colonies of HUVEC, cocultured on the same micropatterned substrate with nonstrained human aortic (HA)SMCs, led to a directed migration of the HASMC toward migrating HUVECs, with diminished recruitment when PDGF receptors were neutralized. These results demonstrate that a singular mechanical cue (cyclic tensile strain) can trigger a cascade of autocrine and paracrine signaling events between ECs and SMCs critical to the angiogenic process.},
	keywords = {Autocrine Communication, Biomechanical Phenomena, Cells, Cultured, Endothelial Cells, Humans, Myocytes, Smooth Muscle, Neovascularization, Physiologic, Paracrine Communication, Stress, Mechanical, Umbilical Veins},
	issn = {1091-6490},
	doi = {10.1073/pnas.0905891106},
	author = {Yung, Yu Ching and Chae, Jeiwook and Buehler, Markus J and Hunter, Craig P and Mooney, David J}
}
