@article {216651,
	title = {Bone regeneration via novel macroporous CPC scaffolds in critical-sized cranial defects in rats},
	journal = {Dent Mater},
	volume = {30},
	number = {7},
	year = {2014},
	month = {2014 Jul},
	pages = {e199-207},
	abstract = {OBJECTIVES: Calcium phosphate cement (CPC) is promising for dental and craniofacial applications due to its ability to be injected or filled into complex-shaped bone defects and molded for esthetics, and its resorbability and replacement by new bone. The objective of this study was to investigate bone regeneration via novel macroporous CPC containing absorbable fibers, hydrogel microbeads and growth factors in critical-sized cranial defects in rats.

METHODS: Mannitol porogen and alginate hydrogel microbeads were incorporated into CPC. Absorbable fibers were used to provide mechanical reinforcement to CPC scaffolds. Six CPC groups were tested in rats: (1) control CPC without macropores and microbeads; (2) macroporous CPC+large fiber; (3) macroporous CPC+large fiber+nanofiber; (4) same as (3), but with rhBMP2 in CPC matrix; (5) same as (3), but with rhBMP2 in CPC matrix+rhTGF-β1 in microbeads; (6) same as (3), but with rhBMP2 in CPC matrix+VEGF in microbeads. Rats were sacrificed at 4 and 24 weeks for histological and micro-CT analyses.

RESULTS: The macroporous CPC scaffolds containing porogen, absorbable fibers and hydrogel microbeads had mechanical properties similar to cancellous bone. At 4 weeks, the new bone area fraction (mean{\textpm}sd; n=5) in CPC control group was the lowest at (14.8{\textpm}3.3)\%, and that of group 6 (rhBMP2+VEGF) was (31.0{\textpm}13.8)\% (p,
	keywords = {Animals, Bone Regeneration, Calcium Phosphates, Dental Cements, Materials Testing, Porosity, Rats, Skull, Tissue Scaffolds},
	issn = {1879-0097},
	doi = {10.1016/j.dental.2014.03.008},
	author = {Lee, Kangwon and Weir, Michael D and Lippens, Evi and Mehta, Manav and Wang, Ping and Duda, Georg N and Kim, Woo S and Mooney, David J and Xu, Hockin H K}
}
