@article {1317765,
	title = {CD4 T-cells regulate angiogenesis and myogenesis},
	journal = {Biomaterials},
	volume = {178},
	year = {2018},
	month = {2018 Jun 06},
	pages = {109-121},
	abstract = {Ischemic diseases, such as peripheral artery disease, affect millions of people worldwide. While CD4 T-cells regulate angiogenesis and myogenesis, it is not understood how the phenotype of these adaptive immune cells regulate these regenerative processes. The secreted factors from different types of CD4 T-cells (Th1, Th2, Th17, and Treg) were utilized in a series of in~vitro assays and delivered from an injectable alginate biomaterial into a murine model of ischemia to study their effects on vascular and skeletal muscle regeneration. Conditioned medium from Th2 and Th17  T-cells enhanced angiogenesis in~vitro and in~vivo, in part by directly stimulating endothelial sprouting. Th1 conditioned medium induced vascular regression in~vitro and provided no benefit to angiogenesis in~vivo. Th1, Th2, and Th17 conditioned medium, to varying extents, enhanced muscle precursor cell proliferation and inhibited their differentiation in~vitro, and prolonged early stages of muscle regeneration in~vivo. Treg conditioned medium had a moderate or no effect on these processes in~vitro and no discernible effect in~vivo. These findings suggest that Th2 and Th17 T-cells may enhance angiogenesis and myogenesis in ischemic injuries, which may be useful in the design of immunomodulatory biomaterials to treat these diseases.},
	issn = {1878-5905},
	doi = {10.1016/j.biomaterials.2018.06.003},
	author = {Kwee, Brian J and Budina, Erica and Najibi, Alexander J and Mooney, David J}
}
